Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under five, contributing significantly to global childhood illness and death. Although effective vaccines are available, rotavirus vaccination was not included in Indonesia’s National Immunization Program (NIP) during the study period. This study analyzed factors influencing vaccine uptake among Indonesian children using data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS-5), which covered 16,236 children across 13 provinces, representing over 80% of the population. We employed descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to explore associations between sociodemographic factors and vaccination status. Missing data were addressed using complete case analysis, inverse probability weighting, and multiple imputation. Only 287 children (1.8%) had received the vaccine. Uptake was significantly higher among children with full basic immunization (OR: 3.53; 95% CI: 2.18–6.07), those in Bali and Nusa Tenggara (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.29–0.81), and when mothers made healthcare decisions (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32–0.97). Paternal education and non-Islamic religion were also significant predictors. However, wealth, maternal education, and place of delivery showed no significant effect. In conclusion, now that rotavirus vaccination is part of the NIP, targeted efforts are needed to address disparities and improve nationwide coverage.