Degenerative diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer’s, represent a significant and growing global health burden due to their progressive and persistent nature. Recently, regenerative medicine has introduced stem cell therapy as a promising approach to repair and regenerate damaged tissues and organs. This presentation discusses the therapeutic potential of various types of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and neural stem cells (NSCs), in managing these diseases. In cases of hypertension and cardiovascular conditions, stem cells enhance vascular function, reduce fibrosis, and support heart tissue recovery through paracrine activity. In diabetes, stem cell-derived exosomes improve pancreatic beta cell performance and enhance insulin sensitivity. For osteoporosis, MSC-derived vesicles promote bone formation and regulate immune and vascular responses. In cancer therapy, stem cells are being investigated as carriers for more targeted treatment delivery. In Alzheimer’s disease, stem cells may promote nerve regeneration, reduce the accumulation of neurotoxic proteins, and enhance cognitive abilities. Moreover, the development of engineered extracellular vesicles and targeted delivery systems has contributed to improving the effectiveness of these therapies. Collectively, these advancements reveal the expanding potential of stem cell-based therapies in treating chronic and degenerative illnesses.