Last modified: 2025-10-17
Abstract
Abstract:
The increasing strategy of nickel and other mineral mining in indigenous territories such as Raja Ampat (West Papua) and the Kendeng Mountains (Central Java) raises serious questions about the moral legitimacy of mining permits issued without Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC). Legal practices that ignore the consent of indigenous communities have drawn criticism on grounds of justice and ecological responsibility.
This study aims to analyze extractive practices on customary lands and offer a moral framework for evaluating mining policies that impact indigenous communities. This study also uses a normative-qualitative approach with comparative case studies in two indigenous territories. The analysis is conducted on permit documents and legal decisions. Furthermore, moral reflection focuses on three ethical perspectives: first: deontology, which enforces the obligation to respect Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC); second: justice and distributive procedures; and third: virtue ethics, which assesses the ethical relationship between humans and nature.
The results indicate that the implementation of FPIC is merely a formality. The implementation was carried out in a brief socialization without the consent of the community. The reason was that the economic benefits were highly unequal: local labor was only around 15%, customary royalties were less than 1% of production value, and environmental compensation did not cause permanent damage to the marine ecosystem. This demonstrates the government's failure to fulfill its moral responsibility as a protector of indigenous peoples' rights. Meanwhile, the company only fulfilled its minimum legal obligations and ignored the precautionary principle.
Abstrak:
Meningkatnya pertambangan nikel dan bahan tambang strategis di wilayah adat seperti Raja Ampat (Papua Barat) dan Pegunungan Kendeng (Jawa Tengah) menimbulkan pertanyaan serius tentang legitimasi moral izin tambang yang dikeluarkan tanpa mekanisme Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC). Praktik legal yang mengabaikan persetujuan masyarakat adat memunculkan kritik atas dasar keadilan dan tanggung jawab ekologis.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis praktik ekstraktivisme di tanah ulayat dan menawarkan kerangka moral yang dapat menjadi evaluasi kebijakan pertambangan yang berdampak pada komunitas adat. Juga dalam kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif–kualitatif dengan studi kasus perbandingan di dua wilayah adat. Analisis dilakukan terhadap dokumen perizinan dan putusan hukum. Di sisi lain, tinjauan moral difokuskan pada tiga perspektif etika: pertama: deontology, yang menekankan kewajiban menghormati Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), kedua: keadilan prosedural dan distributif, dan yang ketiga: Etika keutamaan (virtue ethics) yang menilai relasi etis antara manusia dan alam.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan FPIC hanya bersifat formalitas. Pelaksanaan tersebut dilakukan dalam sosialisasi singkat tanpa ruang keberatan bagi masyarakat. Sebabnya manfaat ekonomi sangat timpang: tenaga kerja lokal hanya sekitar 15%, royalti adat kurang dari 1% nilai produksi, dan kompensasi lingkungan tidak memperhitungkan kerusakan ekosistem laut yang permanen. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah gagal menjalankan tanggung jawab moral sebagai pelindung hak masyarakat adat. Sementara perusahaan hanya memenuhi kewajiban hukum minimum dan mengabaikan prinsip kehati-hatian.