Title
The title should be concise and informative. It's best to avoid abbreviations and formulas to improve discoverability in search systems.Author information
- The full name(s) of the author(s).
- The affiliation(s) of the author(s), i.e. affiliation name, city, country.
- The email address(s) of all author(s).
- A clear indication and an active e-mail address of the corresponding author.
Abstract
Please provide an abstract of 100 to 300 words, containing research objectives, results, and key conclusions. The abstract should not contain any undefined abbreviations or unspecified references. Abbreviations should be defined at first mention and used consistently thereafter.Keywords
Please provide 3-5 strong keywords, in alphabetical order, representing important concepts in the article for indexing purposes.Manuscript
Introduction
The introduction contains a concise overview of existing research on the subject and typically requires several paragraphs. It starts by broadly orienting the reader to the research area in the initial paragraph, followed by a more focused discussion in subsequent paragraphs.The final paragraph holds a significant role, as it states the research question that will be answered and outlines the methodology that will be conducted.
Methods
The method section contains the materials used in the research, the primary procedures, the techniques for data acquisition, and the analytical approaches used. For studies involving a specific experimental design, this section also describes the research setup. Similarly, theoretical or modeling components are also clearly contained in this section for literature research.
Results and Discussion
The Results section presents the experimental data for readers, often using clear and engaging tables and figures to present the research findings. Following this, the Discussion section interprets these results, offering insights and suggesting directions for future research. To fully understand the implications of the data, the figures and tables require further explanation.
Conclusion
The conclusion explains the research findings, followed by a review of the key discussion points. It typically ends with a statement highlighting the research's contribution to the field of study.
Acknowledgments
This section acknowledges the financial support received for the research and expresses gratitude to individuals who contributed to the study and the manuscript preparation.
Authors’ contributions and responsibilities
This section states the author’s contributions. Authorship should be limited to individuals who have significantly participated in both the research and the writing of the article.
References
The reference list should exclusively contain works cited within the manuscript that have already been published or formally accepted for publication. Any personal communications or unpublished findings should only be mentioned directly in the body of the paper.
Artwork
Figure
For optimal presentation, figures need to be high-resolution and sharp. Utilizing graphics software, curve fitting, and analysis tools is strongly advised to produce graphs with excellent quality and clarity. To ensure clarity in figures and illustrations, here are some general guidelines:
Permissions
- Make symbols and datasets easily distinguishable.
- Number figures in the order they appear in the manuscript.
- Always cite figures within the manuscript in their numerical sequence.
- Use well-defined axes.;
- Maintain consistent font and size across all figures and original artwork.
If you include figures that have already been published elsewhere, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format. In such cases, material from other sources should be used.
Table
Here are some general guidelines to keep in mind when creating tables:
Unit
- All tables are to be numbered using Arabic numerals.
- Tables should always be cited in manuscript in consecutive numerical order.
- Please provide tables in an editable manuscript format rather than as images.
- Tables can be positioned within the article alongside the manuscript they relate to, or they can be compiled on separate pages at the end of the document.
Use the International Units system. You can find it here.
Math formula
Here are some general guidelines for mathematical formulas:
Use the equation editor or MathType for equations.
Enclose equation numbers in parentheses and be numbered consecutively.
Equation numbers should be positioned on the right side of each equation and must be cited within the manuscript.
References
Citation in manuscript
Double-check that all references mentioned in the manuscript appear in the reference list (and vice versa). When a reference is labeled as ‘in press,’ it signifies that the work has been accepted for publication.
Web references
For web references, please provide the complete URL and the date you last accessed it. Include any additional available information such as the DOI, author names, publication dates, and the source publication. You can either integrate web references into the main reference list or list them separately under a distinct heading after the main list.
Language (usage and editing services)
Please ensure your manuscript is written in clear and grammatically correct English (either American or British English consistently). If you believe your manuscript would benefit from professional editing to correct any grammatical or spelling errors and ensure proper scientific English, you may consider using an English language editing service.
References style
Citation and reference systems must use Reference Management Systems such as Mendeley, EndNote, and Zotero.